SYLVICULTURE 



left on the groimd. The younger age-classes of the overwood are 

 usually absent. 



In forests originally composed of a Pine overwood and of a hard- 

 wood underwood — a form once frequently found all over the Sovith- 

 east — the lumberman usually removes merely the taller Pines scaling 

 over ten inches in diameter. The smaller Pines, if fireproof, hence- 

 forth join with the hardwood trees and hardwood poles in the forma- 

 tion of an overwood. The underwood consisting of miserable fire 

 sprouts is continuously clipped by forest fires. The butts of these 

 "snags'' are flattened on the ground, as if liquid wood had hardened 

 on it. Tlie shoots, weakly inserted on the callus, can be torn off 

 easily. 



If these snags are cut, fresh shoots will form, of much greater 

 vigor and of greater strength at the point of insertion. 



II. Subdivisions of culled coppice under standards: 



The number of forms of coppice under standards is particularly 

 great, owing to the variations occurring in the tiers of forest, viz.: 

 the overwood and the underwood. 



a. The overwood is omni, multi, or pauci vendible, as the case 

 may be. It is arranged either in groups or in patones (individuals) 

 injbedded in the coppice. Thus we obtain : 



1. The form of culled coppice >mder standards raised in the 

 group type, and 



2. The form of culled coppice under standards raised in the 

 selection type. 



b. The leaf canopy of the standards covers a certain percentage 

 of the ground. This percentage, where high, forces the underwood 

 into a minor role; where small, it allots to the underwood the major 

 part. 



The Longleaf Pine woods of the South, after heavy culling, 

 illustrate the latter form; the Shortleaf Pine woods of the Biltmore 

 Plateau exhibit the former form. These forms might be designated 

 as: 



1. The form of prevailing coppice under standards; 



2. The form of coppice under prevailing standards. 



c. According to the means of coppicing, there should be dis- 

 tinguished 



1. The form of fire -culled coppice under standards; 



2. The form of axe-culled coppice under standards. 



III. Treatment of culled forms of coppice under standards. 

 Improvement cuttings and, where improvement cuttings cannot 



be made, weeding are usually required. 



Fire coppice should be cut down, wherever the growth is stagnant. 



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