Living Souls. 317 
living soul creeping.” In another verse, “ let the earth bring 
forth nxephesh chayiah the living soul after its kind, cattle, and 
creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind,” and 
lekol rumesh ol earctz asher bu nephesh chayiah to everything 
creeping upon the earth which has in it living breath,” that 
is, the breath of lives. And lastly, ‘“ whatsoever Adam called 
nephesh chayiah the living soul that was the name thereof.” 
Not even are quadrupeds and men living souls, but they 
are vivified by the same breath and spirit. MNeshemet chayim, 
or the éreath of hives, and not the breath of life as the text of 
the common version has it, is said to be in the inferior creat- 
ures as well as in man. Chayim in the Hebrew is in the 
plural nnmber, and therefore the words xeshemet chayim 
should be rendered as above. Thus, God said, “I bring a 
flood of waters upon the earth to destroy a// flesh wherein is 
ruach chayim spirit of lives.” And in another place, “they 
went in to Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, in 
which is raach chayim spirit of lives.” And a// flesh died that 
moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of 
beast, and of every creeping thing, and every man; all in 
whose nostrils was neshemet ruach chayim, BREATH OF SPIRIT 
OF LIvEs. Now, as has been previously affirmed, it was the 
neshemet chayin with which God, according to the testimony 
of Moses, inflated the nostrils of Adam. If, therefore, this 
were a particle of the divine essence, as it is declared, which 
became the immortal soul in man, then all other animals 
have likewise immortal souls, for they all received breath of 
spirit of lives in common with him. Begotten of the same 
Invisible Power, and formed from the substance of a common 
earth mother, man and beasts were animated by the same 
spirit, and constituted to be Aung breathing frames, though 
of different species, and in God they lived, and moved, and 
had their continued being. 
Returning to the philology of our subject, it is to be 
remarked that by a metonymy, or a figure of speech where 
the container is put for the thing contained, and conversely, 
