MIND IN ANIMALS. 
HAT the lower animals are in possession of all the char- 
acters of the mind or soul that are either the inherited 
or acquired properties of man, some evidence will now be 
adduced. Foremost among these qualities is Reason. Much 
vagueness of idea exists as to what constitutes reason, the gen- 
eral tendency being to confound it with instinct, and to won- 
der where the one ends and the other begins. Hundreds of 
anecdotes, too familiar for mention, might be instanced, 
which have been described as wonderful examples of instinct, 
but which, upon careful examination, have been shown to be 
undoubted proofs of reason. That disposition of mind by 
which, independent ofall instruction or experience, animals are 
unerringly directed to do spontaneously whatever is neces- 
sary for the preservation of the individual or the continua- 
tion of the species, is instinct. It is instinct that teaches the 
newly-born child to breathe, or to seek its mother’s breast 
and obtain its nourishment by suction. Instinct teaches the 
bird how to make its nest after the manner of its kind, but 
it is reason that leads it to construct a fabric radically differ- 
ent from the typical form. Taking the case of insects, there 
can be no doubt that it is instinct that teaches the caterpillar 
to make its cocoon, to remain there until it has developed 
into an imago, and then to force its entrance into the world. 
Ducks, though hatched under a hen, instinctively make their 
way to the water, while chickens, though hatched under a 
duck, instinctively keep away from it. Man, as well as the 
lower animals, has his instincts, but very few of them are 
apparent, for he is able to bring the most of them under 
