Mind in Animals. 345 
subjection by the power of his reason. Some, however, 
remain and assert themselves throughout the entire period 
of his life. 
There is the widest possible difference between reason and 
instinct, the former being an exercise of the will, while the 
latter is independent thereof. Instinct comes in at birth, but 
reason is an after-growth of the mind. No exercise of 
thought does instinct require, but when the mind reasons 
some conclusion is deduced from the premises which it has 
assumed. All animals, in common with ourselves, possess 
the power of reasoning, although ina less degree. It is by 
the superiority of our reason over theirs that we maintain 
our supremacy. False premises often lead to wrong de- 
ductions, but their process is still one of pure reason. With 
them, as well as with ourselves, reason, especially in the case 
of domestic animals, often conquers instinct, and so by con- 
tact with a higher order of reason, that of man’s, their own 
is more fully developed. They, in a sense, become civil- 
ized. Let a hungry dog and a cat be left in a room where 
food is unguarded, and their instincts will urge them to jump 
upon the table and help themselves. But if they have been 
trained, their reason restrains their instinct, and, no matter 
how hungry they may be, they will not touch the food until 
it is given to them. Some few years agoa matronly lady and 
her dog, a beautiful pug, wereaccustomed to take their dinner 
ata saloon which the writer daily visited. The dog was given 
a chair on the side opposite his mistress. He was a well- 
mannered animal, and never during his many visits to the 
place did he ever violate the laws of good manners. Patiently 
he would wait until the food was put upon his plate, and not 
even then would he take it, for he had been taught that it 
was something that should not be hastily seized and eaten. 
The idea that food cost money was distinctly impressed upon 
his mind, and this the owner did by thrice repeating, “ This 
cost money.” It was evident that the dog understood what 
was said from the thoughtful look he gave her. In a little 
