Mind in Animals. 301 
succeeding times? Then, again, the flies always came at 
the right time, showing that they had some idea of the pass- 
ing moments, Even admitting that this latter thought is out 
of the range of probability, there can be no doubt that they 
were not observant creatures, else how would they know 
when to come, or whether or not the man that sat at the 
table was the same that had shown them so much kindness 
on their previous visits. That they did know these things, 
there cannot be the slightest doubt. But how did they 
know them? There is only one answer to the query. They 
knew them through the exercise of memory, these creatures 
impressing on their minds the appearance of the objects 
near the table, the form and color of the table itself, the 
look, manner and dress of the man who sat by it, and acting 
on the result of these impressions. Human beings act in 
just the same way in traversing for the first time a locality 
through which they will have to return. And yet, as has 
already been stated, these insects have no true brains. 
Considerably removed from insects are the vermes, or 
worms. Man, in his overweening opinion of self, would 
hardly credit the earth-worm with the possession of any 
mental qualities; yet it has been shown that it can reason, 
and can communicate after its fashion with its fellows. It is 
now my intention to prove that it has the power of memory. 
Has the reader ever seen an earth-worm trying to carry into 
its burrow a pair of pine-needles joined at their bases? It 
knows just where to seize the pair. This it determines by 
feeling, or moving its head along the needles, the sense of 
touch being very acute in this portion of its body. Hardly 
ever is a mistake made by seizing the free or apical extremi- 
ties. Once it has discovered where to act, this position is 
fixed in memory, and the animal exercises the latter power 
in dealing with objects of the kind in all subsequent opera- 
tions. 
Almost any living being can by means of the faculty of 
memory be taught by man. But were it absent, no teaching 
