Mind in Animals, 377 
Whoever has carefully watched and studied the inhabitants 
of a farm-yard cannot fail to have observed that the cows 
have their laws of precedence and etiquette as clearly defined 
as those of any European Court. Every cow knows her 
own place and keeps it. She will never condescend to take 
a lower, nor would she be allowed to assume a higher, A 
new-comer in a farm-yard has about as much chance of 
approaching the rack at feeding-time as a new boy at school 
has of getting near the fire on a cold winter day. But as 
the young calf increases in growth, and is nearing maturity, 
she is allowed to mingle with her companions on tolerably 
equal terms. Should, however, a younger animal than her- 
self be admitted, it is amusing to see with what gratification 
she bullies the new-comer, and how much higher she ranks 
in her own estimation when she finds she is no longer the 
junior. 
But should the fates be propitious, and she should arrive 
at the dignity of being senior cow, she never fails to assert 
that dignity on every occasion. When the cattle are taken 
out of the yard to their pasture in the morning, and when 
they are returned to it in the evening, she will not allow any 
except herself to take the lead. An instance is recorded 
where the man in charge of a herd of cows would not permit 
the “ ganger,” as the head cow is often called, to go out first. 
The result was that she refused to go out at all. Therefore, 
to get her to go out of the yard, the man had to drive all the 
other cows back again, so that she might take her proper 
place at the head of the herd. 
Few people know much about the real disposition of the 
mule. Judging from popular ideas respecting the animal, 
one would think that it had no pride in its composition. It 
is in reality a very proud animal, and fond of good society. 
One of his most striking characteristics is his aversion to the 
ass, and the pride which he takes in his relation to the horse. 
An ass would be hardly safe in a drove of mules, for he 
would, in all probability, be kicked and lamed by his proud 
