Mind in Animals. 387 
that are lower down in the scale of life. My little dog 
Frisky, about whom mention has already been made, affords 
a very fine illustration of this phase of conscience. When- 
ever he did wrong, the severest punishment that could be 
meted out to him was to ignore his presence and decline his 
offered paw. For hours the poor fellow would moan and 
cry, and even refuse food, when he thought I was angry 
with him. Buta word or a look of forgiveness was suffi- 
cient to change his sadness into joy. A shaking of hands, 
so to speak, would then follow, and master and dog would 
be good friends again. No love could be more intense than 
his, and this was especially shown when I would return from 
a short absence, when the little fellow would almost over- 
whelm me by his affectionate caresses. 
No loftier characteristic adorns humanity than Love. 
But how far it is shared by the lower animals it is now our 
purpose to inquire. That there are many phases of devel- 
opment cannot be doubted. Sympathy, or that capacity of 
feeling for the sufferings of another, is the first phase. 
Many, and perhaps all, living creatures possess the capacity 
of sympathy. In the majority of cases it is not restricted 
to their own species, but is extended to those beings which 
appear to have very little in common witheach other. Ordi- 
narily, however, it is exhibited between animals of the 
same species, and it is often seen in the dog, as, for example, 
where a dog, having been cured of an injury, has been 
observed to take a fellow-sufferer to his benefactor. Such 
sympathy, it need hardly be remarked, could not be carried 
out unless the animals possessed a language adequately 
defined to enable them to transmit ideas from one to the other. 
Cats are often kind to each other, sympathizing under diffi- 
culties, and helping their friends who require assistance. A 
cat, belonging to a friend, has been known, when oppressed 
with the cares of a family, to employ a half-grown kitten 
to take charge of the young while she went for a ramble. 
Between the cat and the dog an enmity exists that is hereditary, 
