PREVENTIVE INOCULATION 63 
isolated a micrococcus and a short, slender bacillus from 
the blood and lungs, and as the bacillus was also plentiful 
in the spleen, liver, and kidneys, he concluded it was the 
causal organism. In succeeding years, numerous other 
authorities discovered bacillary or coccal organisms in 
various parts of the body, and each considered his own 
germ as the primary cause of the disease. All endeavoured 
to obtain pure cultures with which to reproduce the 
typical disease, and most were successful; but when 
they attempted to confer a lasting immunity, they un- 
happily failed, though they sometimes claimed to have 
succeeded. 
4. With a Dead Culture—Copeman’s Vaccine.—We arrive 
now at the year 1900, in which Dr. Monckton Copeman 
described in a paper read before the Royal Society how, 
by heating a broth culture of the bacillus (isolated first 
by his confrére Millais twelve years previously, and 
regarded as the causal organism) to 60° C. for half an 
hour, and subsequently adding a small quantity of carbolic 
acid as a preservative, a vaccine was obtained which 
acted in a similar fashion to those devised by Haffkine 
and Wright for use in prevention of plague and enteric 
fever, respectively, in man. The dose must obviously 
vary according to the size of the dog, but generally a 
fox-terrier puppy would receive 2 c.c. of the sterilised 
culture. 
Evidence Supporting the Efficacy or Failure of Copeman’s 
Vaccine.—Dr. Copeman writes personally: ‘Curiously 
enough, wide divergences of opinion have been expressed 
by those who have made trial of the preparation intro- 
duced by myself. On the Continent, and more particu- 
larly in Germany, hundreds of doses have been employed 
with, as Iam informed, most gratifying results; but in 
this country I have had the utmost difficulty in obtaining 
reports. From a member of my own profession, not a 
