22 Animal Intelligence 
-instinct, make the animal use the best feeding grounds, 
sleep in the same lair, avoid new dangers and profit by new 
changes in nature. Their higher development in mammals 
is a chief factor in the supremacy of that group. This, 
“however, is a minor consideration. The main purpose of 
the study of the animal mind is to learn the development of; 
mental life down through the phylum, to trace in particul r 
the origin of human faculty. In relation to this chief pi+- 
pose of comparative psychology the associative proces (es 
assume a réle predominant over that of sense-powers Jor 
instinct, for in a study of the associative processes lie “the 
solution of the problem. Sense-powers and instincts ‘have 
‘changed by addition and supersedence, but the cognitive 
side of consciousness has changed not only in quantity but 
also in quality. Somehow out of these associative processes 
have arisen human consciousnesses with their sciences and 
arts and religions. The association of ideas proper, imagi- 
nation, memory, abstraction, generalization, judgment, in- 
ference, have here their source. And in the metamorphosis 
the instincts, impulses, emotions and sense-impressions 
have been transformed out of their old natures. For the 
origin and development of human faculty we must look 
to these processes of association in lower animals. Not 
only then does this department need treatment more, but 
promises to repay the worker better. 
Although no work done in this field is enough like the 
present investigation to require an account of its results, . 
the method hitherto in use invites comparison by its contrast 
and, as I believe, by its faults. In the first place, most of 
the books do not give us a psychology, but rather a eulogy, 
of animals. They have all been about animal intelligence, 
never about animal stupidity. Though a writer derides 
the notion that unimals have reason, he hastens to add that 
