Experimental Study of Associative Processes 35 
EXPERIMENT, WitH CATS 
In these various boxes wert put cats from among the 
following. I give approximate 7 their ages while under 
experiment. : 
‘ 
No. 1. 8-10 months. No. 7. 3-5 months. 
No. 2. 5-7 months. No. 8. 6-614 months. 
No. 3. 5-11 months. No. 10. 4-8 months. 
No. 4. 5-8 months. No. 11. 7-8 months. 
No. 5. 5-7 months. No. 12. 4-6 months. 
No. 6. 3-5 months. No. 13. 18-19 months. 
The behavior of all but 12 and 13 was practically the same. 
When put into the box the cat would show evident signs of! 
discomfort and of an impulse to escape from confinement. | 
It tries to squeeze through any opening; it claws and bites 
at the bars or wire; it thrusts its paws out through any 
opening and claws at everything it reaches; it continues its 
efforts when it strikes anything loose and shaky; it may 
claw at things within the box. It does not pay very much 
attention to the food outside, but seems simply to strive 
instinctively to escape from confinement, The vigor with 
which it struggles is extraordinary. ‘For eight or ten 
minutes it will claw and bite and squeeze incessantly. 
With 13, an old cat, and 11, an uncommonly sluggish cat, 
the behavior was different. They did not struggle vigor- 
ously or continually. On some occasions they did not even 
struggle at all. It was therefore necessary to let them out 
of some box a few times, feeding them each time. After 
they thus associate climbing out of the box with getting 
food, they will try to get out whenever putin. They do not, 
even then, strugple so vigorously or get so excited as the 
rest. ,In either ase, whether the impulse to struggle be 
