16 Animal Intelligence - 
imaginary consciousnesses to describe and analyze. The 
lovers of consciousness for its own sake often do this un- 
wittingly, but would scarcely take pride therein! 
The truth of the matter is, of course, that an animal’s 
mind is, by any definition, something intimately associated 
with his connection-system or means of binding various 
physical activities to various physical impressions. The 
whole series — external situations and motor responses as 
well as their bonds — must be studied to some extent in 
order to understand whatever we define as mind. The 
student of behavior, by frankly accepting the task of supply- 
ing any needed information not furnished by. physiology, 
and of studying the animal in action as wells in thought, 
is surer of getting an adequate knowledge of whatever 
features of an animal’s life may be finally awarded the title 
of mind. 
The second advantage in studying total behavior rather 
than consciousness as such is that thereby the connections 
of mental facts one with another and with non-mental facts 
receive due attention. 
The original tendencies to connect certain thoughts, 
feelings and acts with certain situations — tendencies 
whigh we call reflexes, instincts and capacities — are not 
themselves states of consciousness; nor are the acquired 
connections which we call habits, associations of ideas, 
tendencies to attend, select and the like. No state of 
consciousness bears within itself an account of when and 
how it will appear, or of what bodily act will be its sequel. 
What any given person will think in any given situation is 
unpredictable by mere descriptions and analyses of his 
previous thoughts each by itself. To understand the when, 
how and why of states of consciousness one must study 
other facts than states of consciousness. These non- 
