The Study of Consciousness and Behavior 15 
whereby he was sensitive to certain events, was able to - 
make certain movements, and not only had ideas but con- 
nected them one with another and with various impressions 
and acts. It was supposed to account for actual bodily 
action as well as for the action-consciousness. It explained 
the connections between ideas as well as their internal 
composition. If a modern psychologist-defines mind as the 
sum total of consciousness, and lives up to that definition, 
he omits the larger portion of the task of his predecessors. 
To define our subject-matter as the nature and behavior 
of men, beginning where anatomy and physiology leave 
off, is, on the contrary, to deliberately assume responsibility 
for the entire heritage. Behavior includes consciousness 
and action, states of mind and their connections. ; 
Even students devoted to ‘consciousness as such’ must 
admit that the movements of an animal and their connec- 
tions with other features of his life deserve study, by even 
their kind of psychologist. For the fundamental means 
of knowing that an animal has a certain conscious state 
are knowledge that it makes certain movements and knowl- 
edge of what conscious states are connected with those 
movements. Knowledge of the action-system of an animal 
and its connections is a prerequisite to knowledge of its 
stream of consciousness. 
There are better reasons for including the action-system 
of an animal in the psychologist’s subject-matter. An 
animal’s conscious stream is of no account to the rest of 
the world except in so far as it prophesies or modifies his 
action. There can be no moral warrant for studying 
man’s nature unless the study will enable us to control 
his acts. If a psychologist is to study man’s consciousness 
without relation to movement, he might as well fabricate 
1 Unless one assumes telepathic influences. 
