14 Animal Intelligence 
but they become facts for science only after they have 
emerged therefrom. A man’s anxiety may be the anxiety 
as directly felt by the man, or as thought of by him, or as 
thought of by the general consensus of scientific observers. 
But so also may be his body-temperature or weight or the 
composition of the blood in his veins. There can be no 
valid reason other than a pragmatic one for studying a 
man’s anxiety solely as felé by him while studying his body- 
temperature as thought of by him and others. And the 
practical reasons are all in favor of Styne all facts as they 
exist for any impartial observer. A man’s mind as it is to 
thinking men is all that thinking men can deal with and 
all that they have any interest in dealing with. 
_ Finally, the subject-matter of psychology is not sharply’ 
‘marked off from the subject-matter of physiology by being 
.absolutely non-spatial. On the contrary, the toothache, 
anxiety and judgment are referred unequivocally, by every 
sane man who thinks of them, to the space occupied by 
the body of the individual in question. That is the surest: 
fact about them. It is true that we do not measure the: 
length, height, thickness and weight of an animal’s pain 
or anxiety, but neither do we those of his pulse, temper-' 
ature, health, digestion, metabolism, patellar reflex or 
iotropism. 
‘Two noteworthy advantages are secured by the study: 
.of behavior. First, the evidence about intellect and 
‘character offered by action and the influence of intellect 
‘and character upon action are given due attention. Second, 
‘the connections of conscious states are studied as well as 
‘their composition. ; 
The mind or soul of the older psychology was the cause 
not only of consciousness, but also of modifiability in 
thought and action. It was the substance or force in man» 
