10 Animal Intelligence 
the anxiety and its intensity would both be so crudely 
measured by present means that even if the observers 
were from the score of most competent psychologists, their 
reports would probably be not much better than, say, the 
descriptions now found in masterpieces of fiction and drama. 
Science could not tell at all closely how much John’s anxiety 
at this particular time resembled either his anxiety on 
some other occasion or anything else. This inferiority 
is due in part to the fact that the manifestations of anxiety 
in behavior, including verbal reports, are so complicated 
by facts other than the anxiety itself, by, for example, 
the animal’s health, temperament, concomitant ideas 
and emotions, knowledge of language, clearness in expres: 
sion and the like. It is due in part to the very low status: 
of our classification of kinds of anxieties and of our unit 
and scales for measuring the amount of each kind. Hence 
the variation amongst observers would be even greate 
than in the case of the toothache, and the confidence o 
all in their judgments would be less, and far, far less tha. 
their confidence in their judgment of John’s stature. The 
best possible present knowledge of John’s anxiety, thoug 
scientific in comparison with ordinary opinion about it 
would seem grossly unscientific in comparison with knowl 
edge of his stature or weight. Knowledge of the anxiety: 
would improve with better knowledge of its manifestations)| 
including verbal reports by John, and with better means q. 
classification and measurement. : 
John’s knowledge of his own anxiety would be in part the 
same as that of the other observers. He too would judge 
his condition by its external manifestations, would mane} 
its sort and rate its amount on the basis of his own behavior ° 
as he saw his own face, heard his own groans, and read the 
notes he wrote describing his condition. But he woula 
