Experimental Study of Associative Processes 636 
The scale is the same as that in the curves of the cats and 
dogs. Besides these simple acts, which any average chick 
will accidentally hit upon and associate, there are, in the 
records of my preliminary study of animal intelligence, 
a multitude of all sorts of associations which some chicks 
have happened toform. Chicks have escaped from confine- 
ment by stepping on a little platform in the back of the box, 
by jumping up and pulling a string like that in D, by peck- 
ing at a door, by climbing up a spiral staircase and out 
through a hole in the wall, by doing this and then in ad- 
dition walking across a ladder for a foot to another wall 
from which they jump down, etc. Not every chick will 
happen upon the right way in these cases, but the chicks 
who did happen upon it all formed the associations perfectly 
r enough trials. 
_ The behavior of the chicks shows the same general charac- 
ter as that of the cats, conditioned, of course, by the different _: 
nature of the instinctive impulses Tak a chick put in T 
(inclined plane) for an example. (When taken from the food. 
and other chicks and drdpped into the pen he shows evident 
signs of discomfort ; he runs back and forth, peeping loudly, 
trying to squeeze through any openings there may be, 
jumping up to get over the wall, and pecking at the bars' 
or screen, if such separate him from the other chicks-} 
Finally, in his general running around he goes up the inclined . 
plane a way. He may come down again, or he may go on 
up far enough to see over the top of the wall. If he does, 
he will probably go running up the rest of the way and jump 
down. With further trials he gains more and more of an 
impulse to walk up an inclined plane when he sees it, while. 
the vain running and pecking, etc., are stamped out by the. 
absence of any sequent pleasure. Finally, the chick goes 
up the plane as soon as put in. In scientific terms this 
