66 Animal Intelligence 
inquiries into the development of attention, activity, 
memory, etc. 
So far as concerns dogs and cats, I should decide that 
the former were more generally intelligent.) The main 
reason, however, why dogs seem to us so inféllivent 3 Is not 
a good reason for the belief. It is because, more than any 
other domestic animal, they direct their attention to us, to 
what we do, and so form associations connected with acts 
of ours. 
Having finished our attempt to give a true description of 
the facts of association,.so far as observed from the outside, 
we may now progress to discuss its inner nature. A little 
preface about certain verbal usages is necessary before doing 
so. Throughout I shall use the word ‘animal’ or ‘animals,’ 
and the reader might fancy that I took it for granted that 
the associative processes were the same in all animals as 
in these cats and dogs of mine. Really, I claim for my 
animal psychology only that it is the psychology of just 
these particular animals. What this warrants about ani- 
mals in general may be left largely to the discretion of 
the reader. | _As I shall later say, it is probable that in re- 
gard to imitation and the power of forming associations 
from a lot of free ideas, the anthropoid primates are es- 
sentially different from the cats and dogs. - 
The reasons why I say ‘animals’ instéad of ‘dogs and 
cats of certain ages’ are two. I do think that the probabil- 
ity that the other mammals, barring the primates, offer no 
objections to the theories here advanced about dogs and 
cats is a very strong probability, strong enough to force 
the ee of proof upon any one who should, for instance, 
say that/horse- -goat psychology was not like cat-dog psy- 
chology) i in these general matters.| I should claim that, 
till the contrary was shown in any case, my statements 
