72 Animal Intelligence 
It should be noted that, although cats 3 and 4 had had 
some experience in getting out of boxes by clawing at loops 
and turning buttons, they had never had anything at all 
like a thumb latch to claw at, nor had they ever seen the 
door opened by its use, nor did they even have any experi- 
ence of the fact that the part of the box where the thumb 
‘piece was was the door. And we may insert here, what 
‘will be stated more fully later, that there was displayed 
no observation of the surroundings or deliberation upon 
them. It was just a mad scramble to get out. 
Three dogs (1, 2 and 3) were given a chance to liberate 
themselves from this same box. 2 and 3, who were rather 
inactive, failed to even push the thumb piece down. No. 1, 
who was very active, did push it down at the same time 
that she happened to be pushing against the door. She 
repeated this and formed the association as shown in the 
curve on page 60. She had had experience only of es- 
caping by pulling a loop of string. 
| Out of 6 cats who were put in the box whose door opened 
by a button, not one failed, in the course of its impulsive 
activity, to push the button around. Sometimes it was 
clawed to one side from below; sometimes vigorous pressure 
on the top turned it around; sometimes it was pushed up 
by the nose. } | No cat who was given repeated trials failed 
to form a perfect association between the sight of the in- 
terior of that box and the proper movements. Some of 
these cats had been in other boxes where pulling a loop of 
string liberated them, 3 and 4 had had considerable experi- 
ence with the boxes and probably had acquired a gene (tal 
tendency to claw at loose objects. 10, rr and 12 had ne# yer 
been in any box before. The curves are on pages 41 anc ¥ f'3, 
Of two dogs, one, when placed in a similar but 1, anger 
box, succeeded in hitting the button in such a way as JUS ty let 
