Experimental Study of Associative Processes 99 
ences, he has formed the association and does the proper act 
when put in a certain box. The commonly accepted view 
of the mental fact then present is that_the sight of the inside 
of the box reminds the animal of his previous pleasant expert- 
ence after escape and of the movements which he made which 
were immediately followed by and so associated with that 
escape. It has been taken for granted that if the animal 
remembered the pleasant experience and remembered the move- 
ment, he would make the movement. It has been assumed 
that 'the association was an association of ideas; that when 
one of the ideas was of a movement the animal was capable 
of making the movement.| So, for example, Morgan says, in 
the ‘Introduction to Comparative Psychology’: : “Tf a chick 
takes a ladybird in its beak forty times and each time finds 
it nasty, this is of no practical value to the bird unless the 
sight of the insect suggests the nasty taste”’ (p. go). 
Again, on page 92, Morgan says, ‘‘A race ‘after the ball had 
been suggested through the channel of olfactory sensations.” 
Also, on page 86 “‘. . . the visual impression suggested 
the idea or representation of unpleasant gustatory experi- 
ence.” The attitude is brought out more completely in a 
longer passage on page 118: “On one of our first ascents 
one of them put up a young coney, and they both gave chase. 
Subsequently they always hurried on to this spot, and, 
though they never saw another coney there, reiterated dis- 
appointment did not efface the memory of that first chase, or 
so it seemed.” That is, according to Morgan, the dogs 
thought of the chase and its pleasure, on nearing the spot 
where it had occurred, and so hurried on. On page 148 of 
‘ Habit and Instinct,’ we read, “Ducklings so thoroughly 
associated water with the sight of their tin that they tried 
to drink from it and wash in it when it was empty, nor did 
they desist for some minutes, “ and this with other similar 
