102 Animal Intelligence 
after escaping as many times as in the previous case, not go 
into the box of her own accord. } She has had exactly the 
same opportunity of connecting the idea of being in the box 
-with the subsequent pleasure. Either a cat cannot connect 
ideas, representations, at all, or she has not the power of 
progressing from the thought of being in to the act of going 
in. } The only difference between the first cat and the sec- 
ond cat is that the first cat, in the course of the experience, 
has the impulse to crawl through that door, while the second 
has not the impulse to crawl through the door or to drop 
through that hole.} So, though you put the second cat on 
the box beside the hole, she doesn’t try to get into the box 
through it. The impulse is the sine qua non of the associa- 
tion. The second cat has everything else, but cannot sup- 
ply that. These phenomena were observed in six cats, three 
of which were tried by the first method, three by the 
second. Of the first three, one went in himself on the 26th 
time and frequently thereafter, one on the 18th and the other 
on the 37th; the two last as well as the first did that fre- 
quently in later trials. The other three all failed to go in 
themselves after 50, 60 and 75 trials, respectively. 
The case of No. 7 was especially instructive, though not 
among these six. No. 7 had had some trials in which it was 
put in through the door, but ordinarily in this particular 
experiment was dropped in. After about 80 trials it would 
frequently exhibit the following phenomena: It would, 
after eating the fish, go up to the doorway and, rushing 
from it, search for fish. The kitten was very small and 
would go up into the doorway, whirl round and dash out, 
all in one quick movement." ‘The best description of its 
behavior is the paradoxical one that it went out without 
going in.) The association evidently concerned what it had 
done, what it had an impulse for, namely, coming out through 
