112 Animal Intelligence 
The question was whether after a while A would remind 
the cat of B, and cause him to do C before he got the sense- 
impression of B, that is, before the ten seconds were-up. If 
A leads to C through a memory of B, animals surely can 
shave association of ideas proper, and probably often do. 
‘Now, as a fact, after from thirty to sixty trials, the cat does 
perform C immediately on being confronted by A or some 
seconds later, at all events before B is presented. And it is 
my present opinion that their action is to be explained by 
the presence, through association, of the idea B. But it is 
not impossible that A was associated directly with the im- 
pulse to C, although that impulse was removed from it by 
‘ten seconds of time. Such an association is, it seems to me, 
highly improbable, unless the neurosis of A, and with it the 
psychosis, continues until the impulse to C appears. But 
if it does so continue during the ten seconds, and thus get 
directly linked to C, we have exactly a representation, an 
image, a memory, in the mind for eight of those ten seconds. 
It does not help the deniers of images to substitute an image 
of A for an image of B. Yet, unless they do this, they have 
to suppose that A comes and goes, and that after ten sec- 
onds C comes, and, passing over the intervening blank, 
willfully chooses out Aand associates itself with it. There 
are some other considerations regarding the behavior of the 
cats from the time the signal was given till they climbed up, 
which may be omitted in the hope that it will soon be pos- 
sible to perform a decisive experiment. If an observer can 
make sure of the animal’s attention to a sequence A-B, 
where B does not arouse any impulse to an act, and then 
later get the animal to associate B with C, leaving A out this 
time, he may then, if A, when presented anew, arouses C, 
bid the deniers of representations to forever hold their 
peace. 
