122 Animal Intelligence 
whole. Probably the idea of the look of the loop or lever or 
thumb latch never entered the mind of any one of my cats 
during the months that they were with me, except when the 
front end of the association containing it was excited by put- 
ting the cat into the box. “In general, the unit of their con- 
sciousness, apart from impulses and emotions, is a whole 
association-series. ‘'Such soil cannot grow general ideas, for 
the ideas, so long as they never show themselves except for 
a particular practical business, will not, be thought about or 
realized in their nature or connections. Ite enough associa- 
tions are provided by a general curiosity, such as is seen 
among the monkeys, if the mental elements of the associa- 
tion are freed, isolated, felt by themselves, tien a realization 
of the ideas, feelings of their similarity by transition from 
one to the other, feelings of qualities and of meanings, may 
gradually emerge.) ‘Language will be a factor in the isola- 
tion of the ideas and a help to their realization. But when 
any one says that language has been the cause of the change 
from brute to man, when one talks as if nothing but it were 
needed to turn animal consciousness into human, he is speak- 
ing as foolishly as one who should say that a proboscis added 
to a cow would make it an elephant. 
This is all I have to say, in this connection, about associa- 
tion by similarity and conception, and with it is concluded 
our analysis of the nature of the association-process in ani- 
mals. Before proceeding to treat of the delicacy, com- 
plexity, number and permanence of these associations, it 
seems worth while to attempt to describe graphically, not by 
analysis, the mental fact we have been studying, and also 
to connect our results with the previous theories of associa- 
tion. 
One who has seen the phenomena so far described, who 
has watched the life of a cat or dog for a month or more 
