142 Animal Intelligence 
this point. If at any time in the course of the 50 trials it 
had remembered that ‘I will not feed them’ meant ‘no fish,’ 
it would thenceforth have failed to react. It would have 
stopped short in the ‘yes’ actions, instead of gradually 
: ; f ; ‘ ; 
- decreasing their percentage.\. ‘Memory’ in animals, if one 
still chooses to use the word, is permanence of associations, 
not the presence of an idea of an experience attributed to 
the past. _ 
To this proposition two corollaries may be added. First, 
‘these phenomena of incomplete forgetfulness extend the 
evidence that animals do not have a stock of independent 
ideas, the return of which, plus past associates, equals 
memory. Second(there is, properly speaking, no continuity 
in their mental ne The present thought does not 
clutch the past to its bosom or hold the future in its womb. 
The animal’s self is not a being ‘looking before and after,’ 
bit a direct practical association of feelings and impulses, 
So far as experiences come continuously, they may be said 
to form a continuous mental life, but there is no continuity 
imposed from within. The feelings of its own body are 
always present, and impressions from outside may come as 
they come to us. When the habit of attending to the 
elements of its associations and raising them up into the 
life of free ideas is acquired, these permanent bodily associa- 
tions may become the basis of a feeling of self-hood and the 
trains of ideas may be felt as a continuous life. 
INHIBITION OF INSTINCTS BY HasitT 
One very_important result of association remains to be: 
consider Cits inhibition OP SECTS and y previous associa-_ 
tiong. An animal who has become habituated to getting 
out of a box by pulling a loop and opening the door will 
