162 Animal Intelligence 
out toward the shore. The hen may try to fly back into the 
boat if it is dropped overboard, and whether dropped in or 
slung in from the shore, will float about aimlessly for a while 
and only very slowly reach the shore. The movements the 
chick makes do look to be such as trying to run in water 
might lead to, but it is hard to see why a hen shouldn’t run 
to get out of cold water as well as a chick. If, on the other 
hand, the actions of the chick are due to a real swimming in- 
stinct, it is easy to see that, being unused, the instinct might 
wane as the animal grew up. 
Such instinctive codrdinations as these, together with the 
walking, running, preening of feathers, stretching out of leg 
backward, scratching the head, etc., noted by other obser- 
vers, make the infant chick a very interesting contrast to the 
infant man. That the helplessness of the child is a sacrifice 
to plasticity, instability and consequent power to develop we 
all know; but one begins to realize how much of a sacrifice 
when one sees what twenty-one days of embryonic life do for 
the chick brain. And one cannot help wondering whether 
some of the space-perception we trace to experience, some 
of the codrdinations which we attribute to a gradual devel- 
opment from random, accidentally caused movements may 
not be more or less definitely provided for by the child’s 
inherited brain structure. Walking has been found to be 
instinctive; why not other things ? 
INSTINCTIVE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS 
The only experiments to which I wish to refer at length 
under this heading are some concerning the chick’s instinc¢- 
tive fears. Before describing them, it may be well to men- 
tion their general bearing on the results obtained by Spald- 
no well-defined specific fears are present; that the fears of 
