184 Animal Intelligence 
No. 2 and No. 3 may best be enumerated in the form of a 
table. (See Table 9 on page 187.) It will show briefly the 
range of performances which the unaided efforts of the 
animals can cope with. It will also give the order in which 
each animal experienced them. F means that the animal 
failed to succeed. The figures are minutes and seconds, 
and represent the time taken in the first trial or the 
total time taken without success where there isan F. In 
cases where the animal failed in say 10 minutes, but in a 
later trial succeeded, say in 2.40, the record will be 2.40 
after 10 F. There are separate columns for all three ani- 
mals, headed No. 1, No. 2and No. 3. Im. stands for a prac- 
tically immediate success. 
The curves on pages 185 and 186 (Figs. 27 and 28) show the 
progress of the formation of the associations in those cases 
where the animal was given repeated trials, with, however, 
nothing to guide him but his own unaided efforts. Each 
millimeter on the abscissa represents one trial and each 
millimeter on the ordinate represents 10 seconds, the ordi- 
nates representing the time taken by the animal to open 
the box. A break in the curve, or an absence of the curve 
at the beginning of the base-line represents cases where the 
animal failed in 10 minutes or took a very long time to get 
out. 
\In discussing these facts we may first of all clear our way 
of one pope explanation, that this learning was due to 
beseures us use the word reasoning in its technical 
psychological Meaning as the function of reaching conclu- 
sions by the perception of relations, comparison and infer- 
ence, if we think of the mental content involved as feelings 
of relation, perceptions of similarity, general and abstract 
notions and judgments, we find no evidence of reasoning 
