222 Animal Intelligence 
each other, jumping, chattering, scowling, etc. No. 2 
never did anything of the sort. Again, seeing No. 3 eat 
meat did not lead No. 1 to take it; nor did seeing No. 1 
retreat in fright from a bit of absorbent cotton lead No. 3 
to avoid it. 
‘N othing in my experience with these animals, then, favors 
the hypothesis that they have any general ability to learn to 
do things from seeing others do them.; The question is still 
an open one, however, and a much more extensive study of it 
should be made, especially of the possible influence of imita- 
tion in the case of acts already familiar either as wholes or 
in their elements. 
LEARNING APART FROM Motor IMPULSES 
\The reader of my monograph, ‘Animal Intelligence,’ will 
recall that the experiments there reported seemed to show 
that the chicks, cats and dogs had only slight and sporadic, 
if any, ability to form associations except such as contained 
some actual motor impulse.| (‘They failed to form such asso- 
ciations between the sense-impressions and ideas of move- 
ments as would lead them to make the movements |with- 
out having themselves previously in those situations given 
the motor impulses to the movements. They could not, 
for instance, learn to do a thing from having been put 
through it by me. | 
The monkeys Nos. 1 and 3 were tested in a similar way 
with a number of different acts. |The general conclusion 
from the experiments, the details of which will be given 
presently, is that the monkeys are not proved to have the 
power of forming associations of ideas to any greater extent 
than the other mammals, that they do not demonstrably 
learn to do things from seeing or feeling themselves make 
