242 Animal Intelligence 
of exercise operated, learning would not be adaptive. It is 
the effect of 2 that gives it the advantage over1and3. Of 
two responses to the same annoying situation, one continu- 
ing and the other relieving it, an animal could never learn 
to adopt the latter as a result of the law of exercise alone, 
if the former was, originally, twice as likely to occur. 112 
would occur as often as 2 and exercise would be equal for 
both. The convincing cases are, of course, those where 
learning equals the strengthening to supremacy of an 
originally very weak connection and the weakening of 
originally strong bonds. An animal’s originz! nature-may 
lead it to behave as shown below: — 
LRfsrta rae 
TRELZULITAITA2 
4AlTIZ3 114411111 2, etc, 
and yet the animal’s eventual behavior may be to react,to 
the situation always by 2. The law of effect is primany, 
irreducible to the law of exercise. 
THE EvowrTion OF ’ BERAVIOR 
) 
The acceptance of the laws of exercise and effect as ade- 
quate accounts of learning would make notable differences 
in the treatment of all/problems that concern learning. I 
shall take, to illustrate this, the problem of the development 
of intellect and character in the animal series, the phylogene- 
sis of intellectual and moral behavior. 
The difficulties in the way of understanding the evolution 
of intellectual and moral behavior have been that neither 
what had been evolved nor that from which it had been 
evolved was understood. 
' The behavior of the higher animals, especially man, was 
thought to be a product of impulses and ideas which got 
