292 Animal Intelligence 
them the forces that make abstractions, feelings of simi- 
larity, judgments and other characteristics of reason- 
ing. 
In children two and three years of age we find all these 
elements of reasoning present and functioning. The prod- 
uct of children’s reasoning is often irrational, but the pro- 
cesses are all there. The following instances from a collec- 
tion of children’s sayings by Mr. H. W. Brown show children 
making inductions and deductions after the same general 
fashion as adults : — 
(2 yrs.) T. pulled the hairs on his father’s wrist. Father. 
“Don’t, T., you hurt papa!” T. “It didn’t hurt grandpa.” 
(2 yrs. 5 mos.) M. said, “Gracie can’t walk, she wears little 
bits of shoes; if she had mine, she could walk. When I getsome 
new ones, I’m going to give her these, so she can walk.” 
(2 yrs. 9 mos.) He usually has a nap in the forenoon, but 
Friday he did not seem sleepy, so his mother did not put him to 
bed. Before long he began to say, “Bolly’s sleepy; mamma put 
him in the crib!” This he said very pleasantly at first; but, as 
she paid no attention to him, he said, “Bolly cry, then mamma 
will.” And he sat down on the floor and roared. 
(3 yrs.) - It was between five and six in the afternoon; the 
mother was getting the baby asleep. J. had no one to play with. 
He kept saying, “I wish R. would come home; mamma, put 
baby to bed, so R. will come home.” I usually get home about 
six, and as the baby is put to bed about half-past five, he had 
associated the one with the other. 
‘(3 yrs.) W. likes to play with oil paints. Two days ago 
my father told W. he must not touch the paints any more, for 
he was too small. This morning W. said, ““‘When my papa is a 
very old man, and when I am a big man and don’t need any 
papa, then I can paint, can’t I, mamma ?”! 
| (3 yrs.) G.’s aunt gave him ten cents. 'G. went out, but soon 
came back saying, “Mamma, we will be rich now.” “Why so, 
