AVES 



I. A study of the topography of a bird. 



(a). Study a specimen for the purpose of determining the 



various external parts of a bird which are used in 



classification. Reference may be made to a wall 



chart or figure in the manual, 

 (b). Study a prepared specimen of a wing to determine the 



various groups of feathers and their relation to the 



segments of the wing. Drawing is optional. 



(i). Primaries — Attached to the hand. 



(2). Secondaries — ^Attached to the forearm. 



(3). Tertiaries — Attached to the upper arm. 



(4). Primary coverts — Covering the bases of the 

 primaries. 



(s). Secondary coverts — Covering the bases of the 

 secondaries. These coverts exhibit three 

 groups, and are named according to size and 

 position, greater, middle, and lesser coverts. 



(6) . Under coverts — Covering the bases of the flight 

 feathers on the under side of the wing. A 

 special group of feathers growing from the 

 axilla (arm-pit) are termed axillars. 



(7). Scapulars — ^A group of feathers on the upper 

 side of the wing growing from the shoulder 

 region. They are opposite the axillars of the 

 under side. 



II. Identification of species. 



(i). Drawings of the bill and the foot. Label parts. To what 



type does the tail belong? 

 (2). Make a drawing of the bill to show unguis or nail and 



the lameUse along the edges. 

 (3). Draw lobate foot. 



(4) . Note the serrations on the caudal edge of the thin tarsus, 

 (s). Draw the bill with its cere, one foot, and the scutellate 



tarsus. 

 (6). Make a drawing of the foot which is of the perching 



type. 

 (7). Compare the bill with that of No. 2. 

 (8). Make a drawing of the totipalmate foot. Why so 



named? Note the position of the fourth toe. 

 (10). Drawing of the ventral side of the tail. 



