136 THE MALAYAN PAPILIONIDE AS 
among African Butterflies,” in the Transactions of the 
Linnean Society, for 1868, he has argued strongly 
in favour of Mr. Bates’ views as to the higher posi- 
tion of the Danaide and the lower grade of the 
Papilionide, and has adduced, among other facts, the 
undoubted resemblance of the pupa of Parnassius, a 
genus of Papilionide, to that of some Hesperide and 
moths. I admit, therefore, that he has proved the 
Papilionide to have retained several characters of 
the nocturnal Lepidoptera which the Danaide have 
lost, but I deny that they are therefore to be con- 
sidered lower in the scale of organization. Other 
characters may be pointed out which indicate that 
they are farther removed from the moths even than 
the Danaide. The club of the antenne is the most 
prominent and most constant feature by which but- 
terflies may be distinguished from moths, and of 
all butterflies the Papilionide have the most beauti- 
ful and most perfectly developed clubbed antenne. 
Again, butterflies and moths are broadly character- 
ised by their diurnal and nocturnal habits respectively, 
and the Papilionids, with their close allies the Pier- 
ide, are the most pre-eminently diurnal of butterflies, 
most of them lovers of sunshine, and not presenting 
a single crepuscular species. The great group of the 
Nymphalide, on the other hand (in which Mr. Bates 
includes the Danaide and Heliconide as sub-fami- 
lies), contains an entire sub-family (Brassolide) and 
a number of genera, such as Thaumantis, Zeuxidia, 
Pavonia, &c., of crepuscular habits, while a large 
