18 



Be sure to remove out of the way of the bees, and disinfect or burn, 

 everything used during the operations of treatment; and a solution 

 of izal should be kept for disinfecting the hands, knives, &c., after 

 handling an infected colony. Directions are given on the bottles, and 

 the solution will not harm the skin. 



Young Queens. 

 There can be little doubt that bees from young vigorous queens can 

 better cope with disease than those bred from aged and weak mothers. 

 It is therefore advisable to change the queens at the time of or shortly 

 after treatment if those in the afiected hives are not up to the mark; in 

 any case it is profitable to do so if young queens can be obtained. 



SaMMART. 



The following interesting items bearing upon foul-brood are taken 

 from the "Summary" of the author of "The Bacteria of the 

 Apiary " : — 



1. There are a number of diseased conditions which afiect the apiary. 



2. The disease which seems to cause the most rapid loss to the apiarist 

 is European*( ?) foul-brood, in which is found Bacillus alvei — first iso- 

 lated, studied, and named by Cheshire and Cheyne in 1885. 



3. The distribution of Bacillus alvei in the affected hive is as 

 follows : — 



(a.) The greatest nuiiiber of infecting germs are found in the 

 bodies of dead larvae. 



(6.) The pollen stored in the cells of the foul-brood combs contains 

 many of these infecting organisms. 



(c.) The honey stored in brood-combs infected with this disease has 

 been found to contain a few bacilli of this species. 



(d.) The surface of combs, frames, and hives may be contaminated. 



(e.) The wings, head, legs, thorax, abdomen, and intestinal con- 

 tents of adult bees were found contaminated with Bacillus 

 alvei. 



(/.) Bacillus alvei may appear in cultures made from the ovary 

 of queens from European( ?) foul-brood colonies, but the 

 presence of this species suggests contamination from the 

 body of queen while cultures are being made, and has no 

 special significance. 



OTHER DISEASES. 

 The following description of symptoms of other diseases than foul- 

 brood is taken partly from " The Bacteria of the Apiary," published in 

 1906 by the United States Department of Agriculture, and partly from 

 "The Brood Diseases of Bees," by Dr. E. F. Phillips, of the same De- 

 partment : — 



* I have queried this word, because there is a good deal of doubt at present as to the 

 correctness of differentiating the disease common in Europe from that found in 

 America. — I.H. 



