176 ZOOLOGY sect. 



In some cases a median epipichic process projects forwards from 

 the pelvic arch, and frequently there is on each side a pre- 

 puMc process. A lateral iliac process, which becomes highly 

 developed in the Holocephali, is sometimes represented, and may 

 attain considerable dimensions. The pelvic fin has usually two 

 basal cartilages, representing the pro- and meta-pterygia, but the 

 former is often absent. In the male special cartilages attached 

 to the metapterygia support the claspers. With the basal car- 

 tilages of both pectoral and pelvic fins arc connected a number 

 of jointed cartilaginous fin-rays supporting the expanse of 

 the fin. 



The arrangement of the muscles is simple. The trunk-muscles 

 are divided into a pair of dorsal and a pair of ventral divisions, 

 each composed of Taa,\\j myomeres with intercalated myocommata 

 (Fig. 759, p. 70), following a metameric arrangement. The ventral 

 part, where it forms the muscles of the wall of the abdominal cavity, 

 is composed externally of obliquely running fibres, and represents 

 one of the two oblique muscles of the abdomen of higher forms. 

 Mesially this passes into a median band of longitudinally running 

 fibres corresponding to a primitive rectus. The muscles of the limbs 

 are distinguishable into two main sets — those inserted into the 

 limb-arch and those inserted into the free part of the appendage. 

 The latter, according to their insertion, act as elevators, depressors, 

 or adductors. A series of circular muscles pass between the 

 cartilages of the visceral arches, and when they contract, have the 

 effect of contracting the pharynx and constricting the apertures. 

 A set of muscles pass between the various arches and act so as to 

 approximate them ; and a broad sheet of longitudinal fibres divided 

 into myomeres extends forwards from the shoulder-girdle to the 

 visceral arches. 



Electric organs — organs in which electricity is formed and 

 stored up, to be discharged at the will of the Fish — occur in several 

 Elasmobranchs. They are best developed in the Electric Rays 

 {Torpedo and Hypnos, Fig. 837) in which they form a pair of large 

 masses running through the entire thickness of the body, between 

 the head and the margin of the pectoral fin. A network of strands 

 of fibrous tissue forms the support for a number of vertical prisms, 

 each divided by transverse partitions into a large number of com- 

 partments or cells. Numerous nerve-fibres pass to the various 

 parts of the organ. These are derived mainly from four nerves, 

 which originate from an electric lohe of the medulla oblongata, 

 with a branch from the trigeminal. By means of the electric 

 shocks which they are able to administer at will to animals in their 

 immediate neighbourhood, the Torpedo-Rays are able to ward off 

 the attacks of enemies and to kill or paralyse their prey. In the 

 other Rays in which the electric organs are developed, they are 

 comparatively small organs situated at the sides of the root of the 



