640 ZOOLOGY sect. 



Coleoptera, as well as Xiphosura, siphoniate Pelecypoda, opistho- 

 brancliiate Gastropods, and dibranchiate Cephalopods (Belemnites). 

 The Pala3ozoic types of Tetrabranchs {Orthoceras, &c.) have nearly 

 disappeared, and the Ammonites have become important. Among 

 Vertebrates are found Holostei, Chelonia, Ichthyopterygii, Croco- 

 dilia, and Dinosauria, the latter especially being a very prominent 

 group, as well as several Mammalia {Microlestes, Hypsiprym- 

 noj}sis, &c.) of uncertain affinities. 



In the Jurassic period the two highest orders of Insects, 

 Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, are known for the first time, as 

 well as the reptilian Ornithosauria, and the earliest known Bird 

 (Archwopteryx). There are also several small Mammals {Pla- 

 gimdax, Ampliitherium, Phascolotherium, &c.) belonging either to 

 the Prototheria or to the Metatheria, but occurring in Europe 

 and North America, where there are at present — with the excep- 

 tion of the Opossums — no representatives of either order. This 

 seems to indicate that the lower Mammals originated in the 

 northern hemisphere and spread southwards. 



In the Cretaceous period the Crabs — the most specialised of 

 the higher Crustacea— and the Teleostei — the most specialised of 

 Fishes — make their appearance. Of the last-named group, several 

 Cretaceous genera survive and flourish to the present day, e.g., 

 Olupea (Herring), Esox (Pike), Osinerus (Smelt), and ^gr^a;. Ophidia 

 are known for the first time, and Pythonomorpha, Dinosaurs, and 

 Ornithosaurs are important. Mammals are practically unknown, 

 but among Birds the Odontolcse and the Ichthyornithes are 

 characteristic. By the end of the period five entire groups of 

 Reptiles — the Sauropterygia, Ichthyopterygia, Pythonomorpha, 

 Dinosauria, and Ornithosauria — have become extinct, none of them 

 being known to extend into Tertiary times. 



Except in California and Patagonia there is a well-marked break 

 between the Cretaceous and the Eocene periods, the fauna of the 

 latter having a comparatively modern character. The Pelecypods 

 and Gastropods belong to existing families and even to existing 

 genera, and Belemnites have almost, and Ammonites quite, dis- 

 appeared. The Fishes all belong to existing types ; Stegocephala 

 have given place to Urodela and Anura, and none of the Reptiles 

 belong to extinct orders. Among Birds, the Penguins, Gulls, Rails, 

 Owls, Picarians (Kingfishers, &c.) and Passeres have appeared, as 

 well as the extinct orders Stereornithes and Gastornithes, and the 

 goose-like Odontopteryx. 



But the most noticeable feature of the period is the rise and 

 differentiation of the Mammalia. Among existing orders the 

 Marsupialia (Opossums), CeLacea (Zeuglodon), Sirenia. (Prorastomus, 

 Eosiren), Ungulata, Carnivora, Insectivora, Chiroptera, and Primates 

 (Lemurs) appear for the first time, as well as the extinct orders 

 Creodonta, Gondylarthra, Amblypoda, and Tillodontia, together 



