REPRESENTATIONS OF BLOOD AND TORN FLESH 417 



to a shield, the screws should pass through the V-shaped bone 

 from the front, the heads of the screws being countersunk into 

 the bone, and covered with the most suitable of the modelling- 

 compositions. Shed horns, or those without bone attached, are 

 mounted upon a piece of hard wood carved to the shape shown 

 by Figs. 6 and 7, Plate VII., which represent the under and 

 upper surfaces of such an artificial frontal or V-shaped piece. 

 The horns are fastened to this by screwed rod-iron, fixed firmly 

 into their bases, and attached securely to the chevron-shaped 

 piece by nuts screwed on at the back where the drill-holes are 

 shown on Fig. 6. 



To represent Blood and Torn Flesh 



Sometimes it is necessary, say in the instance of a tiger or 

 panther tearing its prey, or of a hawk tearing open another bird, 

 to represent the appearance of fresh blood, and this has usually 

 been poorly accomplished by sealing-wax, and but slightly better 

 by vermilion or red lead mixed with varnish or glue, and thickly 

 daubed upon the fur or feathers of the victim. Such effects 

 are, however, better represented by gradations of tone, as it 

 must be recollected that the hue of blood is not that of 

 lacerated flesh, and that both differ from that of congealed 

 blood ; hence it will be found that beeswax made hot and 

 coloured with tube oil-pigments in different tints of vermilion, 

 alizarin crimson, Rubens madder, and perhaps a little grey 

 here and there, painted on with a brush, will admirably render 

 the natural effect. In some cases it may be well to slightly 

 touch up the wax afterwards with colour. 



The internal organs of any animal may be represented by 

 casting in the ordinary manner, and reproducing them in any of 

 the wax- or glue-compositions treated upon in these pages, and 

 finally by colouring. 



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