BRIEF IIISTOBT OF THE SCIENCE OF ZOOLOGY 467 



the giraffe became elongated from the constant effort to reach 

 the fohage higher up on the trees. Use and disuse, effort and 

 habit, he at the basis of Lamarck's theory of progressive evolu- 

 tion. 



The French school contributed not only to general theory 

 but also to the solid facts of zoology. Lamarck described hun- 

 dreds of new species of invert- 

 ebrates, and proposed a sub- 

 division of invertebrates which 

 was a marked advance over any- 

 thing that had hitherto existed. 

 In fact the division of animals 

 into Vertebrata and Inverte- 

 brata was Ijamarck's own sug- 

 gestion. But the fame of 

 Lamarck as a student and de- 

 scriber of animals was over- 

 shadowed bjr his colleague and 

 opponent, Cuvier (1769-1832). 

 As the greatest comparative 

 anatomist of his age, he at- 

 tracted to Paris many pupils. 

 His anatomical studies em- 

 braced coelenterates, mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates, 

 and he recognized that fossil forms belong as truly to the do- 

 minion of zoology as do those that have not been so long dead. 

 In his two great comprehensive works, " The Animal Kingdom 

 classified on the Basis of Organization " and " Lessons in Com- 

 parative Anatomy," he introduced for the first time internal 

 as well as external anatomy as the proper basis for classification. 

 He also established the theory of distinct types of animal struc- 



- Geor 



f£(; 



C\ 



From 



Fig. 420. 



Loi-y, "Biology and its Makers," 

 New York, Henry Holt and Com- 

 pany, 



