Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 307 



Burgeon and is only applicable to tlie female quadruped, 

 in which extraction is usually easy and safe. A pair ol 

 long, round-bladed tongs Hke a gloTe-stretcher may be 

 used to slowly dilate the neck of the bladder, after which 

 the warmed and oiled forceps, the blades of which should 

 be broad enough to cover the stone, are introduced and the 

 stone being seized is slowly withdrawn by gentle oscillating 

 movements. The injection of a httle warm water into an 

 empty bladder will greatly facihtate the seizure of the 

 stone. The male is operated on standing or thrown on 

 his right side. A catheter is passed up the urethra to the 

 point where it bends forward over the hip bones and an 

 incision about two inches long made down upon this in 

 the median line. If the stone is small the forceps may 

 now be introduced and the calculus withdrawn as in the 

 female. If too large for this the passage must be dilated 

 with a probe-pointed knife, guided by a grooved director 

 or the index finger, the incision being carried obhquely 

 between the point of the hip-bone and the anus. The 

 stone once removed the opening may be stitched up and 

 treated like any ordinary wound. In the ox a catheter 

 should be passed as a guide in cutting, as the thickness of 

 the erectile tissue over the arch of the hip bone and the 

 small size of the urethra render the operation far more 

 difficult than in the horse. (For further particulars see 

 the author's larger work). 



Urethral Galcidi, Stone in the canal by which urine is 

 discharged from the bladder. In horses these are found 

 in the terminal end of the urethra and its papillse on the 

 glans penis. In the buU and ox in the S-shaped bend of 

 the penis just above the scrotum, and in the ram in the 

 same situation or, more frequently, in the vermiform ap- 

 pendix at the point of the penis. In horses the straining 

 is violent and constant, in cattle and sheep it is httle 

 marked, but the tail is sMghtly raised and the accelerator 

 urinse muscle is seen contracting just beneath the anus as 

 in ordinary uiination. Examination along the course ' f 



