Diseases of tfie Organs of Generation. 315 



hand, as the case may be, the womb is sought, backward 

 at the entrance of the pelvis in the intenral between the 

 bladder and the straight gut. Being found, one horn o; 

 division is drawn up through the wound untU its end is 

 exposed with the round mass of the ovary adjacent. The lat- 

 ter is seized and cut or twisted off according to the size of 

 the animal. Then the next horn and ovary are brought 

 out and treated in the same way. The womb is now re- 

 turned into the abdomen, and the skin accurately sewed 

 up. Evil results are rare, though peritonitis may ensue 

 from rough handling or exposure, and abscess or calcifica- 

 tion of the wound is not unknown. 



Cows are castrated by making an incision through the 

 superior wall of the vagina just above the neck of the 

 womb, and inserting two fingers, by which the ovaries are 

 withdrawn and twisted off with a torsion instrument. 

 Space win not allow of a fuller description in this work. 



CASTRATION OF MALE BIRDS. 



The bird is placed on its back with the left leg pressed 

 against the abdomen and the right one stretched back- 

 wards and outward, an incision is made inside this thigh 

 large enough to admit the finger, which is directed toward 

 the back at the point of union of the last ribs with the 

 backbone. There the testicles are felt in contact with 

 each other and are separately detached with the nail and 

 extracted through the wound. If lost in the abdomen 

 after detachment there is no matter, they wiU adhere to 

 the peritoneum and become absorbed. Lastly the wound 

 in the skin is carefully sewed up with a fine thread. 



ABOETION. 



This consists of the expulsion of the foetus before it can 

 hve out of the womb, but in the lower animals the term 

 has been indiscriminately used for cases of premature 

 parturition as well. 



Cioises. Blows or pressure on the abdomen, slips, falls. 



