30 THE I'RINCII'LES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS 



in the following list, and as illustrated in the sketch on 

 page 29. 



1. Dominant trees — the ordinary leading trees with 

 full crown. 



2. Co-dominant trees — those beginning to lag behind 

 the dominant trees in height, crowded from the side, and 

 having narrow crowns. 



3. Intermediate trees — those with crowns retarded 

 by crowding of the upper as well as of the lower part of 

 crown, but still vigorous and usually capable of recovery 

 if released. 



4. Suppressed trees — those entirely overtopped. 



5. Dead trees. 



The Stand. — The term stand is a general expression 

 applied to anv given portion of a forest having a distinct 

 character. The characteristics distinguishing a given 

 stand ma)' be age, form, densitv, qualit\', value, growth, 

 yield, etc. Thus, such expressions are used as a 20- 

 year-old stand, a selection stand, a dense stand, a broken 

 stand, etc. A forest is made up of a multitude of stands. 



Origin of Stands. — Stands are distinguished according 

 to whether the trees have origmated from seed or from 

 sprouts, or from both combined. The stand originating 

 from the seed is usualK' called a high forest; that from 

 sprouts a coppice or sprout forest; if both classes of trees are 

 represented it is a composite forest. 



Form of the Stand. — The result of the competition 

 between trees in the forest under a given set of conditions 



