32 THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS 



of regular form on the same area, one growing under- 

 neath the other. 



5. The Reserve Form. — In a regular stand there are 

 scattered older trees remaining over a second rotation. 



B. Coppice Forms. 



1. Regular Coppice Form. — The sprouts are approxi- 

 mately of the same age. 



2. Irregular Coppice Form. — As a result of bad treat- 

 ment, various ages are irregularly represented. 



C. Composite Forms. 



1. Regular Composite Form. — Sprouts and seedling 

 trees of approximately the same age are growing together. 



2. Irregular Composite Form. — Through abuse, an 

 irregular mixture of ages occurs, with both sprouts and 

 seedling trees represented. 



3. Coppice with Standards. — Upon a given area there 

 is a regular coppice stand, and also scattered trees, origi- 

 nating from the seed, which are allowed to grow over 

 several sprout rotations. 



The Silvicultural Systems 



A silvicultural system is a broad plan of management 

 under which a forest is reproduced and developeci. 

 In order to handle forests with a view to continued 

 production of timber, ordinary lumbering must be modi- 

 fied or supplemented b\' special measures. To justifx- 

 such investments as these measures involve the forester 



