prospective value of the stand and the final yield will be 

 very much reduced. A thinning will save the trees of 

 value, and there are certainly a great many instances in 

 which an actual outlay will be not only fulh' justified but 

 necessary if the purpose of management is to be accom- 

 plished. 



In appUing the principles relating to the grade of 

 thinnings, the forester often finds it necessar\- to depart 

 uidel)' from the normal. This is particularl)' true in 

 mixed forests, and those not perfectly regular. A stand 

 which has been established under management, and 

 cleaned at the right time, presents a quite different prob- 

 lem from a volunteer stand which has developed on an 

 area cleared by fire or windfall and has never been treat- 

 ed at all. In the latter there are great irregularities. 

 In spite of these irregularities the principles of thin- 

 nings ma)' be applied in our e\'en-aged stands. 



In this countr}' the forests in which thinnings are 

 practised ai'e now for the most part privately owned. 

 Private forests will, in the main, be handled on a rela- 

 tively short rotation. The object will be to raise as 

 large trees as possible within a given time. Usually the 

 grade of the trees will not be so important as the size. 

 The general policy will be to keep the forest dense dur- 

 ing the first half of the rotation so as to produce reason- 

 ably good form, and to thin rather heavil\- during the 

 last half of the rotation. 



In thinnings at all ages the forester should mark for 

 removal all the dead, d\'ing, and defectixe trees that can 



