2}X THE ]>RiN'Ciri l.S (II HANDLING WOODLANDS 



( 129.2° F. ).' Verv often the forester wishes to deter- 

 mine, after a fire, the extent of the injury. If the inner 

 hark is brown or black, in contrast to the normal green 

 color, this is an indication that the cambium is dead. 



Injury to Trees. — Many surface fires do not kill trees 

 outright, but serioush' injure them b\- killing a portion 

 of the roots or trunks. It is \'erv common to find, after 

 a fire, that nearly ail the trees in the forest have been 

 killed on one side. This is usually the leeward side, 

 because here the flames ha\ e an opportunity to run m 

 unmediate contact with the tree long enough to injure it. 

 If a fire is burning up a slope, even when there is no 

 wind, the upper side of a tree is usualh' more damaged 

 than the lower side, both because of the accumulation 

 of leaves and other litter above the tree, and because fires 

 are carried upward b\- the currents of hot air, just us a 

 fire on level ground is swept along hv the \\ ind. 



In the case of a well-established tree, the killing of 

 one side may not result in its death for a long period; 

 and if the wound is not large it may heal over. \^er\- 

 commonly, howe\'er, the killing of one side of the tree 

 induces the attack of some fungous disease, which ulti- 

 mately results in the tree's death. Trees inJLired and 

 weakened by fire are subject to the attack of insects. 

 In many cases the death of trees aftera burn is the result 

 of insects' work and not of the killing of the tissues by 

 the fire. Damage h\ fire often follows damage by in- 



' " Der Waldbau," by Heinrich Mayr, p. 12. 



