THE HORSE—SIGNS OF HEALTIL AND DISEASE. AS 
lar, jerky, superficial, wheezing, or grunting, as if each breath caused pain, 
one side of the chest may fill out more than the other; the pressure of the 
hand on the chest may cause the animal to flinch or groan. Beside the 
cough, which may be barking, croupy, whistling, or dry and hard, the 
sounds which are heard within the chest in health, when one applies the 
ear to it, may be altered greatly in character, as also may the sound heard 
when the chest is smartly struck. These various sounds enable an experi- 
enced person to detect the character of the mischief within the chest. 
Urinary and Generative System.—The urine and general functions. 
of the urinary and generative organs are deemed of great importance in 
treating man, and are of equal relative value in animals. We give the 
most important deviations from the healthy condition of these organs, and. 
the best methods of detecting the same. 
In the female there may be discharges from the womb or from the 
vagina; the sides of the exterior opening may be swollen and red; the 
udder may be swollen, tender, hard, or inflamed; the teats may .be cracked. 
In the male the penis may be inflamed or ulcerated, the foreskin (the: 
end of the sheath or covering which incloses the penis) may have warty 
ov other growths on or within it. 
The urine in either sex may indicate derangement by being either 
scanty; seldom passed; thick; whitish; darker than usual; strong-smelling 5 
bloody; discharged in too large quantities; paler than usual; passed in 
small quantities, accompanied with straining, or in spurts with pain. 
All that is passed in twenty-four hours should if possible be col- 
lected and measured, and an observation should be made as to whether more 
or less than the usual quantity is passed. A healthy horse will discharge 
from five and a half to seven and a half gallons inthe time named. A part 
of the amount passed during different portions of the day should be tested 
as to its specific gravity. This test may be made by the urinometer,. 
which every veterinary surgeon should possess. Placing water at 1,000, 
the normal urine of the healthy horse will show a specific gravity of 1015. 
Sometimes the urine contains albumen. ‘This element is one of the 
constituents of the blood, and its presence in the blood is indicative of a 
serious disorder of the kidneys, and its early discovery is of great impor- 
tance. 
Occasionally, though not often, sugar is found in the urine of ani- 
mals; this also indicates serious disease. It is known as diabetes, and 
when present the urine is passed in large quantities and has a clear, 
syrupy appearance and high specific gravity, reaching in some cases as. 
high as 1030. When urine preserves this high specific gravity a test for 
sugar should be made. 
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