THE HORSE—THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 57 
colic and constipation. In later stages, the mouth is firmly shut, the muscles 
of the lower jaw being contracted and hard; head raised; neck stiff and 
immovable; nose stuck out; nostrils enlarged; breathing loud and quick; 
pulse hard, frequent, and unyielding; eyes wide open, fixed, drawn back- 
ward into the socket, with the white drawn over the eyeballs; lips firmly 
drawn across the mouth, exposing the teeth, which are clenched or 
slightly parted; saliva drops from the mouth; ears erect, stiff and pointed 
forward; the look is distressed and frightened; as the disease progresses the 
head is fixed in one position; neck stiff on one or both sides, drawn to one 
side if that only be affected. The limbs are not usually involved at first, 
but later their muscles are hard and _ stiffened, the feet being placed wide 
apart, the horse standing fixed to one place; any movement causes great 
pain, all joints appearing inflexible; the upper muscles of the neck con- 
tract, producing “ ewe-neck;”? belly hard and tucked-up; tail elevated and 
trembling; the alimentary system is involved, causing costiveness and per- 
haps scanty urine; swallowing difficult, if the horse can indeed suck up 
liquid food. Any excitement exaggerates the symptoms. Lock-jaw may 
not commence with spasm of the jaws. It often begins with contraction 
of the muscles of the hinder extremities and extends to the whole body, 
becoming severe, if not fatal, when it “locks”? the jaws. 
TREATMENT.—In the early stages a cure may often be effected by 
giving a small piece of stale bread saturated with fifteen to twenty drops of 
tincture of camphor, followed by another dose in an hour, another two 
hours later, a fourth four hours later, or more frequently if the urgency of 
the case demands it. Arnica may be used instead of camphor for cases 
caused by mechanical injuries. Give aconite for early stages of cases re- 
sulting from exposure to cold. Nux vomica is the leading remedy and 
should be given when the spasms are first discovered; it is useful when 
lock-jaw results from disorders of the alimentary canal; for twitchings and 
jerks; increase of spasm by excitement; stiffness of muscles; head drawn 
upward and backward, and the body arched and bent rigidly backward. 
For symptoms indicating nux vomica, strychnia is invaluable, but must 
be given cautiously, alone, and never more than one-fifth of a grain at 
once, the usual dose being one-hundredth of a grain. Arnica may be ap- 
plied externally to wounds, pricks in shoeing, and sores from nails in the 
sole of the foot; in such cases it may be given internally as well, alternated 
with nux vomica, Gelseminum is very good for shivering, great distress 
and complete loss of muscular power. To relieve the spasm chlereforrn 
internally, in twenty drop doses, or by inhalation, will be of great service, 
inhalation being the more efficacious. Sulphuric ether may be used in the 
same manner as chloroform. If all other remedies prove ineffectual, 
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