THE HORSE—THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 111 
S Symptoms. 
After a cough for several days the horse shivers and quits 
eating; hangs his head in the manger or stretches it out; becomes listless ; 
stands all the time with outstretched legs; if the sides are sore, groans when 
made to move around; dilated nostrils; nasal membrane, at first unusually 
red, becomes purple; mouth and breath hot; legs and cars cold; pulse at first 
hard, and goes up to sixty or ninety 
a minute, but later is full and op- 
pressed, and still later small, advanc- 
ing from one hundred to one hun- 
dred and twenty; breathing quick 
and labored; working of the wings 
of the nostrils; heaving flanks; 
cough short and painful, or ceases 
entirely; urine scanty and high- 
colored; bowels usually bound, but 
at last become relaxed (diarrhea be- 
ing a most dangerous turn); ab- 
scesses in the lungs and gangrene 
are followed by offensive breath and 
great weakness; the horse staggers, being able to lie down only a short 
time, and strikes his head about; the mouth finally is cold, the pulse imper- 
ceptible, and death ensues. 
If the pneumonia be of a typhoid form, the horse for several days 
PosiTIon IN a BAD ATTACK OF PNEUMONIA, 
manifests symptoms of catarrh; remains dull; refuses food; pulse soft—6o to 
7o per minute; breathing rises to about 20, without heaving of flanks; 
occasional cough, which the horse tries to check as if in pain; dilated nos- 
trils, with working of their wings; nasal membrane becomes leaden, gen- 
erally with a slight ‘yellow or red discharge of a watery nature; the horse 
does not lie down but stands with outstretched neck; coat and skin dry; ears 
and legs cold; dull sound heard upon striking the chest; pressure of the finger 
between the ribs produces great pain; heart-beats intermittent; placing the 
ear.to the chest one sometimes detects a rattling sound, but usually only the 
beating of the heart; in bad cases, mouth cold and breath offensive; finally 
the animal is unconscious, staggers, falls and dies. In unfavorable cases 
death follows after twelve or fourteen days. 
There are four stages, generally distinguished by the sounds in the 
chest: (1 ). In capillary trritation, the murmur of breathing is diminished 
and becomes harsh and dry, or confused. (2). /z engorgement, there is a 
crackling sound, like that made by drawing the hair near the ear between 
the finger and thumb, known as “crackling rile.” (3). lz hepatization, 
there is an absence of sound in some parts; in others, a noise like that cf 
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