140 THE NEW FORESTRY. 



destroy many, not to speak of the damage done by haulage. 

 This entails another beating up to make good the blanks 

 created, and so on till the end, if that ever arrives. This is 

 what may be called in England, an uneven aged wood, consist- 

 ing generally of an indiscriminate mixture of all ages and 

 usually forming as bad an example of management as could be 

 found. There would be less objection to such woods if they 

 were managed in a methodical way. When a wood becomes so 

 thin as to need partial replanting, the crops from the old stools 

 should first be looked to and encouraged, and the vacancies 

 afterwards planted, but in all such woods the fellings of the 

 older timber should be at long intervals, in order that the young 

 trees may have time to grow up, when the damage sustained 

 in felling and hauling will be less and the blanks sooner filled 

 up by the growth of the younger trees. In Germany the final 

 cut is sometimes delayed till after the ground has been re- 

 planted or sown, but the trees felled have such small tops and 

 the young crop is so dense that less damage is done than 

 happens when trees with broad spreading heads are felled over 

 younger trees as is done in British woods. 



SECTION XVIII. — EXTENDING PLANTATIONS BY 

 TRANSPLANTING THINNINGS. 



A good way of extending young plantations with trees 

 large enough to produce effect or covert at once, is to use the 

 thinnings from young plantations by transplanting them else- 

 where, instead of cutting them out when they are next to 

 worthless for any other purpose. We have seen considerable 

 areas stocked successfully in this way, when the trees were 

 eight to ten feet high, both conifers and broad-leaved species. 

 Such trees should, however, not be planted thinly, or as isolated 

 specimens, because they will not stand , gales or exposure, 

 coming from a dense wood, and the plan is not recommended 

 except for the purpose named, but in groups and plantations 

 and close enough to touch each other. This plan is not so labo- 

 rious or expensive as might be supposed, because large balls 

 of roots and transplanting machines are dispensed with. The 

 trees are prepared by a simple method of root pruning, about 

 a year before they are transplanted, and in the following 

 manner. Suppose a young plantation needs to be thinned 

 in the usual way, the trees to come out should all be marked, 

 and every marked tree should then be gone round with a long 



