INTRODUCTION 7 



A. The sciences of inanimate things — 



Astronomy, 

 Geography, 



Meteorology, Mineralogy, Lithology, etc. 



B. The sciences of animate things — 



Botany, 



Zoology. 

 (Physics and Chemistry are fundamental to both 

 groups of sciences; Geology embraces portions of 

 the subject-matter of both groups.) 



.II. Subdivisions of Zoology. 



A. Morphology: 



1. Promorphology, which treats of general form; 



2. Anatomy; = the structure of parts; 



Gross = structure of organs and systems of 

 organs ; 



Microscopic = (Histology, Cytology); struc- 

 ture of tissues and cells; 



3. History of Development (structural stages): 



' Individual = (Embryology, Ontogeny) ; 

 Racial = (Phylogeny). 



B. Physiology: 



1 . Physiology proper ; = the functional relation of 

 part to part and to the whole; 



2. Ecology; = relations of the individual to its 

 surroundings, whole or in part. 



C. Distribution: 



1. In space = (Zoogeography); 



2. In time = (Palseozoology, as revealed by fossils). 



D. Classification, or the grouping of animals accord- 

 ing to their likeness or kinship. 



E. Economic zoology considers all the points at which 

 animals touch human welfare. 



[All of these subjects may be considered historically and comparatively.] 



