472 ZOOLOGY 



accumulation of knowledge, art, literature, science, and ethics. 

 It does not help us in solving our own problems to forget that 

 all this is a part of human zoology, — and that the lower animals 

 have a similar psychology, even if it is not so complex. 



471. The Social Instincts and their Result in Man. — In 

 the course of our studies we have found many animals that 

 recognize their kind and more or less definitely associate with 

 them.. This reaches a very high plane in the bees and ants. 

 Similar social life is to be found in all the primates, but it is not 

 so well organized among the lower primates as among the ants. 



In man, even in primitive man, these social instincts are 

 well shown. They are cornplex, as in the bees, involving many 

 factors. At the center of this complex of social tendencies are : 

 (i) The sex and mating impulses, which bring together males and 

 females in most interesting forms of devotion; and (2) the 

 sacrificing process of reproduction and its accompanying im- 

 pulses of care and" affection for offspring. In man these two 

 associate groups of instincts and functions lead to marriage, 

 family life, and the home, which are in their turn most important 

 factors in the development both of the spirit and the structure 

 of human society. These are doubtless the most civilizing 

 functions in our human evolution; and one of the most critical 

 and practical problems before us is the conservation and im- 

 provement of the home and family. Coupled with these two 

 basic impulses in the making of homes, are numerous incidental 

 tendencies and needs, — ^as a general gregariousness among 

 members of the same species, the finding of shelter and comfort, 

 the storing and preparing of food, and making rest and sleep 

 safe. The future of our civilization depends even more on the 

 proper management of the factors of sex, reproduction and 

 education of the young than upon the material and economic 

 elements in the home. There is no part of human character 

 and behavior in which the higher psychological elements, re- 

 ferred to in the preceding section, have operated more power- 

 fully than in these various attitudes underlying the home. 



In this growing complexity of society, customs and regula- 

 tions and special institutions to accomplish certain ends spring 

 up in a way analogous to the origin of the division of labor in the 



