476 ZOOLOGY 



be placed in one species, although if we follow them back far 

 enough they may have had a common origin. The pigmies of 

 Africa or the Negritos of the Philippines differ more, in a number 

 of particulars, from the Caucasian than is true among many 

 separate species of the wild animals, and the differences are both 

 characteristic and constant. The varieties of men are innumer- 

 able, but there is a tendency to group them all under three main 

 heads which we may call: (i) The white or Caucasian; (2) the 

 yellow or Mongolian, and (3) the black or African. To these 

 are often added the red or native American, and certain island 

 and peninsular types that do not agree very well with any of the 

 others. The most striking external differences are: The color 

 of the skin, the structure and appearance of the hair, the form 

 of the nose (which is also used in distinguishing the apes), the 

 form of the jaw and skull. Functionally the character of the 

 language and the social institutions help to distinguish them. 

 Under the Caucasian race are included the wavy-haired peoples, 

 as the chief European peoples, the Egyptians, the Jews, the 

 Arabs, the East Indians, and the peoples of the Caucasus who 

 give the name to the race. The Mongolians include all the 

 straight-haired, yellowish and brownish varieties, as the Chinese, 

 Mongols, Manchus, Tartars, Japanese, Turks, Finns, and pos- 

 sibly the native American tribes, as Esquimo, Indians, and the 

 South and Central American peoples. The black or negro race 

 includes many tropical forms dark in color and with wavy or 

 kinky hair. Such are the dwarf Negrillos of central Africa; 

 the Hottentots and Bushmen; the Negroes of the Nile, of the 

 Senegambia, and of Guinea; the Caffres, Zulus, and other 

 tribes of, the east coast; and many others. 



The great number of these human races, or varieties, is an 

 evidence of the long time man has been on the earth and of his 

 adaptability. They have arisen and have been increased by the 

 natural tendency to vary, by the effects of climate, by migration 

 and isolation, by interbreeding, by conscious selection of mates 

 in accordance with local standards of attractiveness, and the like. 

 This phase of zoology is known as Ethnography. 



477. The Future of the Human Race. — Study of the life of 

 geological times shows us that no species is permanent. Each 



