Juniperus 1435 



This species is confined^ to the Bermuda Islands, where it is the only indigenous 

 exogenous tree. It was formerly abundant^ on the islands, thriving both on the dry 

 limestone hills and in the brackish swamps. The trees grow to a large size in the 

 salt-water marshes, and have much darker heartwood than those on the hills, but not 

 nearly so durable.^ Large trees are no longer common. Sargent * gives an illustra- 

 tion of one in the churchyard of Devonshire parish, which was about 50 ft. high and 

 15 ft. in girth, and states that only two larger trees were known to exist. Another 

 illustration shows the habit of this species in the Devonshire marshes. The wood 

 was formerly much used in shipbuilding and in making beautiful furniture. " Cedar" 

 chests and cabinets over two hundred years old are preserved as heirlooms by the 

 descendants of the old Bermuda families, who live in houses finished with this wood, 

 which becomes with age a rich dark colour like mahogany. 



The Bermuda juniper was cultivated ° in England as early as 1684, but it is not 

 hardy in the climate of London. Knight and Perry ^ state that it was hardy in their 

 day in Devonshire, and that plants remained uninjured in the open air during the 

 winter of 1849 in Oxfordshire. We have seen, however, no living specimens in 

 England except a shrub at Bicton, about 2 ft. high, which is not thriving, and small 

 plants which were received at Kew^ in 1910. Reputed specimens of this species at 

 Castlewellan,* as well as some plants that were formerly cultivated at Kew under the 

 namey. bermudiana, turned out to be Cupressus funebris. 



This species is cultivated in the south of France, Italy, and the Canary Isles. 

 There is a good specimen, which bears fruit regularly, in Dr. Perez' garden at 

 Orotava. Dr. Perez,® as the result of numerous experiments, finds that seeds of this 

 species germinate speedily when immersed in boiling water for three, six, or ten 

 seconds, and at the end of the time are plunged into water at 65° to cool. Longer 

 exposure to boiling water destroys the embryos. (A. H.) 



JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, Pencil Cedar 



Juniperus virginiana, Linnaeus, Sp. PL 1039 (1753); Loudon, Arh. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2495 (^^3^)) 

 Parlatore, in De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 488 (1868); Sargent, Silva N. Amer, x. 93 (in part), 

 t. 524 (1896), and Trees N. Amer. 94 (1905); Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. 192 (1900); 

 Mohr, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 31 (1901); Pinchot, U.S. Forestry Circ. No. 73 (1907); White, 

 U.S. Forestry Circ. No. 102 (1907); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Conif. ii. t. 74, fig. 4 (1909). 



Juniperus caroliniana, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). 



Juniperus arborescens, Moench, Metk. 699 (1794). 



Juniperus fragrans, Salisbury, Prod. 397 (1796). 



Sabina virginiana, Antoine, Cupress. Gattung. 6i, tt. 83, 84 (1857). 



A tree, attaining in North America 100 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth, often 



1 Kent states that pieces of its wood were found 50 ft. below low-water mark, during dredging operations undertaken 

 for the construction of a dock. 



2 J. M. Jones, Botany of Bermuda, 272 (1873), states that the trees are becoming extinct, no longer growing in the 

 salt-marshes ; but Sargent's later account does not confirm this. 



3 A. Haycock, in Gard. Chron. xxv. 176 (1899). Capt. L. Clinton-Baker informs us that the best trees in 191 1 

 averaged 40 to 50 ft. in height and 9 it. in girth. * Garden and Forest, iv. 289, figs. 51, 52 (1891). 



5 For the early history of this species, see Hemsley 's account, cited at the head of this article. « Syn. Conif. 1 1 (1850). 

 ' A tree in the Temperate House at Kew, which was about thirty years old, was cut down in 1905. 

 8 List of Plants Hardy at Castlewellan, 65 (1897). 'i In Gard. Chron. 1. 127 (1911). 



