Juniperus 1 447 



perfectly hardy, retaining its characters in old age. There are three trees at Kew, 

 25 to 30 ft. high, which were obtained from Rollisson in 1868. 



Var. Perkinsii and var. venusta, Gordon, Pinetum, 144 (1875), are similar to 

 var. stricta, only differing in the more glaucous leaves. A specimen of var. Perkinsii 

 at Kew is almost columnar in habit. 



J. excelsa is a native of the Balkan States, Island of Thasos,^ Crimea, Asia 

 Minor, Syria, Armenia, and the Caucasus. In Thrace, Macedonia, and the Rhodope 

 mountains of Rumelia it is, according to Adamovic,^ a shrub rather than a tree, 

 ascending occasionally to 4000 ft. It is recorded for one station in Bulgaria, near 

 the village of Beli Iskar. Koppen ^ states that in the Crimea it is common on the 

 coast side of the mountains, forming pure woods of considerable extent ; but never 

 attaining a large size, the tallest tree noted being about 30 ft. 



J. excelsa appears to attain its greatest development in Asia Minor, where it 

 forms extensive woods in the mountains, either pure or mixed with Lebanon Cedar 

 and Abies cilicica. Siehe* gives an illustration of a tree in the Cilician Taurus, 

 nearly 100 ft. high, and states that it assumes two forms, being either a tall narrow 

 pyramidal tree, or a shorter tree with wide-spreading branches ; occasionally with a 

 trunk 4|- ft. in diameter. There are very fine woods at Namrun, Efrenk, and 

 Gullek in Cilicia, where the trees are tall, slender, and dense upon the ground. 

 Siehe considers that the timber will prove of great value for railway sleepers. The 

 Turkish name of the tree is arytsch. 



The date of introduction is uncertain, as Loudon's account of J. excelsa does not 

 relate to this species; but it was probably brought into, England about 1836. 

 It usually forms a narrow columnar or pyramidal tree. A tree at Arley Castle, said 

 to have been planted in 1877, measured^ 32 ft. by 3 ft. i in. in 1904. Another at 

 High Canons, Herts, was 32 ft. by 2^ ft. in 1908. There are trees of similar size in 

 the botanic gardens at Kew and Cambridge. We have also seen good specimens 

 at Hardwicke, Tortworth, Westonbirt, Highnam, and Eastnor. In Ireland there 

 are trees at Glasnevin and Powerscourt. 



J. excelsa has been much confused with the two following species, which are not 

 apparently in cultivation. These are remarkably distinct from /. excelsa both in 

 foliage and fruit. 



I. Juniperus macropoda, Boissier, Flora Orientalis, v. 709 (1881). 



A tree, occasionally attaining 70 ft. in height, but often shrub-like, which is 

 a native of Persia, Afghanistan, and Baluchistan, where it forms extensive open 

 forests, east of Quetta.® 



This has much coarser foliage than J. excelsa, resembling that of J. chinensis. 

 Fruit globose, \ in. in diameter, brownish purple, tinged with a glaucous bloom, 

 each of the four to six scales with a prominent mucro. Seeds, two to four, ovoid, 



1 It is not recorded for any of the islands in the ^gean Archipelago except Thasos, where it grows in the pine woods on 

 the coast. Cf. Grisebach, Veg. der Erde, 378, 572 (1872). ^ Veget. Balkanldnder, 152 (1909)- 



5 Holzgewachse Europ. Russlands, ii. 423 (1889). 



< In Gartenflora, xlvi. 208, t. 26 (1897), and in Mitt. Deut. Dend. Ges. 191 1, p. 306. 



6 Woodward, Hortus Arkyensis, 19 {1907). 



" Cf. Lace, in Joum. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxviii. 307 (1 891). Gamble, Indian Timbers, 698 (1902), gives also some 

 particulars concerning this tree, which he considers to be identical with the Himalayan /. religiosa. 



VI Q 



