68 



The apple industry in Japan, as indicated in my former communica- 

 tion, is of recent origin, say within the last thirty years; most of the 

 stock has been obtained from California, and, as a rule, was Undoubt- 

 edly more or less infested with San Jose scale when received. 

 Throughout this region the San Jose scale was found scatteringly in all 

 orchards and in all gardens. In Aomori and vicinity it was doing no 

 veiy great damage in any of the orchards, but in some of the small 

 gardens, and especially in one or two neglected ones in the city of 

 Aomori, it was as abundant on particular trees as it often is in 

 America. At the first investigation no evidence of parasitism was 

 seen, but from later collections two of the parasites which attack this 

 scale insect in America were reared in great numbers from infested 

 branches collected in Aomori. These, as determined by Dr. Howard, 

 are Aphelinus fusdpennis How. and A»pidiotiphagu8 citrinus (Craw.), 

 the latter being the more numerous. 



The Asiatic ladybird ( Chilocorus smiilis) was found throughout this 

 northern region of Japan, and evidently was an efficient means in 

 keeping the scale in check. In certain gardens in the city where the 

 scale was very abundant the infestation was evidently of recent begin- 

 ning, a tree hei-e and there only being very scaly, and in some instances 

 the ladybird enemy had not yet come upon the infested plants. In 

 other places in the city the ladybird was found in numbers, and a score 

 were collected and put in a tight wooden box with some scale-inf est«d 

 twigs to determine how long the beetles could be kept safely under such 

 conditions, as a preliminary test before attempting to ship them to 

 America. 



On the return trip to Aomori some side excursions were made by 

 rail and jinrLkisha to orchard regions toward the west coast of the 

 island in company with Mr. Hori and some of the horticultural officers 

 of the province. Wherever we went was found a general infestation 

 by the San Jose scale in orchards and gardens, the scale occurring 

 normally very scatteringly, and not at all in especially injurious num- 

 bers. Everywhere also was seen the same evidence of the scale being 

 kept in check by parasitism by the Chalcidids which attack it in 

 America, and especially by the predatory Chilocorus. 



In the northern island the points especially investigated were Hako- 

 date and Sapporo, the latter town being the capital city and, as already 

 indicated, the seat of the agricultural college and experiment station 

 and the center of modern agricultural and horticultural methods. The 

 conditions, so far as scale insects were concerned, were practically the 

 same at both of these places, and at one or two other places where 

 more limited investigations were made, as, for example, at Mororan 

 and Otaru. 



The island of Hokkaido is even more wild and unsettled than the 

 northern extremity of Hondo, and in fact, during the last thii-ty or 



